Noisebridge - User contributions [en]

JavaScript/Notes/TypeConversion

2014-06-25T23:59:39Z

65.248.129.125: /* Converting to Boolean */

== Types ==
* Number
* String
* Boolean
* Null
* Undefined
* Object
There are five primitive types in JavaScript. Everything else is an object.

=== Conversion ===
Various operations in JavaScript require conversion between primitive and object values.

=== Converting to Boolean ===
When evaluating any expression that requires a boolean value, a boolean value must be produced. This occurs with the internal <nowiki>[[ToBoolean]]</nowiki>
[http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-9.2 § 9.2)].

For example:
<source lang="javascript">
var n = 0;
if(n) { // [[ToBoolean]](0) = false
}

var t = !""; // true. Empty string is falsy.
var f = !"f"; // false. Non-empty strings other than "0" are not falsy, here.
Boolean(""); // false.
</source>

All numbers boolean-convert to true except for <code>+/-0</code> and <code>NaN</code>.

Boolean operators use type-conversion for the evaluation of their left-hand operand.
<source lang="javascript">
1 && 0; // 0.
"" || 0; // 0.
null || undefined; // undefined.
undefined || 1; // 1.
NaN || 0; // 0;
</source>

All falsy values:
<source lang="javascript">
false
""
null
undefined
0
NaN
</source>

All other primitive values and all native ECMAScript objects are truthy.
[11.11|http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-11.11] Binary Logical Operators
<blockquote>
The production LogicalANDExpression : LogicalANDExpression && BitwiseORExpression is evaluated as follows:

# Let lref be the result of evaluating LogicalANDExpression.
# Let lval be GetValue(lref).
# If ToBoolean(lval) is false, return lval.
# Let rref be the result of evaluating BitwiseORExpression.
# Return GetValue(rref).
</blockquote>

=== Converting to String ===
With the <code>+</code> operator, when either operand is a string, concatenation is performed.

All native objects have a toString method. Number.prototype.toString(base) is special in that it takes a <code>base</code> parameter.

<source lang="javascript">
15..toString(16)
</source>

<source lang="javascript">
String(15); // Calls ToPrimitive(input argument, hint String).
</source>

=== Conversion to Primitive ===
Mathematical unary and binary operators, as well as boolean operators require the operands to be converted to primitives.

The Addition operator is used, the operands must be converted into primitive values. First, the interpreter calls the object's valueOf. If the result is a primitive value, then that value is used. '''Example:'''

<source lang="javascript">
var ob = {
valueOf : function() { return 1; }
};
ob + 1; // 2.
</source>

Otherwise, if <code>''o''.valueOf</code> results in an object —and <code>Object.prototype.valueOf</code> does — the object's <code>toString</code> is called.
<source lang="javascript">
var ob = { toString : function() { return "1"; } };
ob + 1; // "11".
</source>

'''Example:''' [http://jsbin.com/eTAQaNoX/2/edit toString, valueOf, and concatenation]

=== Converting to Number ===
Converting strings is a very common requirement and many approaches can be used. Any mathematical operator except the concatenation/addition operator will force type-conversion to number.

<source lang="javascript">
var d1 = new Date(NaN);
var d2 = new Date(NaN);

d1.setFullYear(2000);
d2.setFullYear(2000);

d1 >= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 <= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 == d2 // false, different objects.
</source>

== parseInt(s, radix) ==

To force use of a particular base, use the radix parameter:
<source lang="javascript">parseInt("09", base) // base from 2 to 36.</source>

If <code>radix</code> is omitted, the base is determined by the contents of the string. Any string beginning with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code> represents a hexadecimal number. A string beginning with a leading 0 may, in older implementations, be parsed as octal (as if raxix were 8), in ECMA-262 Ed 3 (octal digits are 0-7). If string <code>09</code> is converted to <code>0</code>.

<source lang="javascript">
var t = "0xf";
Number(t); // 15
+t; // 15
</source>

=== Primitive to Object with Property Accessors <code>.</code> and <code>[]</code> ===
Property access operation on string, number, and boolean primitives results in the creation of a '''temporary'' object, for the algorithm.
<source lang="javascript">
// Primitive to Object conversion.
true.toString(); // creates a temporary Boolean Object.
1.2.valueOf(); // creates a temporary Number object.
" foo ".trim(); // creates a temporary String Object.

// null.toString(); // TypeError
// undefined.toString(); // TypeError
</source>

See also: http://dhtmlkitchen.com/how-property-access-works/

=== Object Creation ===
<source lang="javascript">
// You'll never need these.
new Object(1); // Results a Number object.
new Object(true); // Results a Boolean object.
new Object(""); // Results a String object.
JSON.parse("{}"); // Results an Object object.
</source>

== Type Checking ==
Use sparingly. Avoid overloading with typechecking.
=== The typeof Operator ===
<source lang="javascript">
typeof someval;
</source>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Type <th>Result
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Undefined <td>"undefined"
<tr><td>Null <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Boolean <td>"boolean"
<tr><td>Number <td>"number"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>String <td>"string"
<tr><td>Object (native or host and doesn't implement <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Object (native or host and implements <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"function"
</table>

JavaScript/Notes/TypeConversion

2014-06-25T23:58:40Z

65.248.129.125: /* Converting to Boolean */

== Types ==
* Number
* String
* Boolean
* Null
* Undefined
* Object
There are five primitive types in JavaScript. Everything else is an object.

=== Conversion ===
Various operations in JavaScript require conversion between primitive and object values.

=== Converting to Boolean ===
When evaluating any expression that requires a boolean value, a boolean value must be produced. This occurs with the internal <nowiki>[[ToBoolean]]</nowiki>
[http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-9.2 § 9.2)].

For example:
<source lang="javascript">
var n = 0;
if(n) { // [[ToBoolean]](0) = false
}

var t = !""; // true. Empty string is falsy.
var f = !"f"; // false. Non-empty strings other than "0" are not falsy, here.
Boolean(""); // false.
</source>

All numbers boolean-convert to true except for <code>+/-0</code> and <code>NaN</code>.

Boolean operators use type-conversion for the evaluation of their left-hand operand.
<source lang="javascript">
1 && 0; // 0.
"" || 0; // 0.
null || undefined; // undefined.
undefined || 1; // 1.
NaN || 0; // 0;
</source>

All falsy values:
<source lang="javascript">
false
""
null
undefined
0
NaN
</source>

All other primitive values and all native ECMAScript objects are truthy.
<blockquote>
The production LogicalANDExpression : LogicalANDExpression && BitwiseORExpression is evaluated as follows:

# Let lref be the result of evaluating LogicalANDExpression.
# Let lval be GetValue(lref).
# If ToBoolean(lval) is false, return lval.
# Let rref be the result of evaluating BitwiseORExpression.
# Return GetValue(rref).
</blockquote>

=== Converting to String ===
With the <code>+</code> operator, when either operand is a string, concatenation is performed.

All native objects have a toString method. Number.prototype.toString(base) is special in that it takes a <code>base</code> parameter.

<source lang="javascript">
15..toString(16)
</source>

<source lang="javascript">
String(15); // Calls ToPrimitive(input argument, hint String).
</source>

=== Conversion to Primitive ===
Mathematical unary and binary operators, as well as boolean operators require the operands to be converted to primitives.

The Addition operator is used, the operands must be converted into primitive values. First, the interpreter calls the object's valueOf. If the result is a primitive value, then that value is used. '''Example:'''

<source lang="javascript">
var ob = {
valueOf : function() { return 1; }
};
ob + 1; // 2.
</source>

Otherwise, if <code>''o''.valueOf</code> results in an object —and <code>Object.prototype.valueOf</code> does — the object's <code>toString</code> is called.
<source lang="javascript">
var ob = { toString : function() { return "1"; } };
ob + 1; // "11".
</source>

'''Example:''' [http://jsbin.com/eTAQaNoX/2/edit toString, valueOf, and concatenation]

=== Converting to Number ===
Converting strings is a very common requirement and many approaches can be used. Any mathematical operator except the concatenation/addition operator will force type-conversion to number.

<source lang="javascript">
var d1 = new Date(NaN);
var d2 = new Date(NaN);

d1.setFullYear(2000);
d2.setFullYear(2000);

d1 >= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 <= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 == d2 // false, different objects.
</source>

== parseInt(s, radix) ==

To force use of a particular base, use the radix parameter:
<source lang="javascript">parseInt("09", base) // base from 2 to 36.</source>

If <code>radix</code> is omitted, the base is determined by the contents of the string. Any string beginning with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code> represents a hexadecimal number. A string beginning with a leading 0 may, in older implementations, be parsed as octal (as if raxix were 8), in ECMA-262 Ed 3 (octal digits are 0-7). If string <code>09</code> is converted to <code>0</code>.

<source lang="javascript">
var t = "0xf";
Number(t); // 15
+t; // 15
</source>

=== Primitive to Object with Property Accessors <code>.</code> and <code>[]</code> ===
Property access operation on string, number, and boolean primitives results in the creation of a '''temporary'' object, for the algorithm.
<source lang="javascript">
// Primitive to Object conversion.
true.toString(); // creates a temporary Boolean Object.
1.2.valueOf(); // creates a temporary Number object.
" foo ".trim(); // creates a temporary String Object.

// null.toString(); // TypeError
// undefined.toString(); // TypeError
</source>

See also: http://dhtmlkitchen.com/how-property-access-works/

=== Object Creation ===
<source lang="javascript">
// You'll never need these.
new Object(1); // Results a Number object.
new Object(true); // Results a Boolean object.
new Object(""); // Results a String object.
JSON.parse("{}"); // Results an Object object.
</source>

== Type Checking ==
Use sparingly. Avoid overloading with typechecking.
=== The typeof Operator ===
<source lang="javascript">
typeof someval;
</source>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Type <th>Result
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Undefined <td>"undefined"
<tr><td>Null <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Boolean <td>"boolean"
<tr><td>Number <td>"number"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>String <td>"string"
<tr><td>Object (native or host and doesn't implement <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Object (native or host and implements <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"function"
</table>

JavaScript/Notes/TypeConversion

2014-06-25T23:58:03Z

65.248.129.125: /* Converting to Boolean */

== Types ==
* Number
* String
* Boolean
* Null
* Undefined
* Object
There are five primitive types in JavaScript. Everything else is an object.

=== Conversion ===
Various operations in JavaScript require conversion between primitive and object values.

=== Converting to Boolean ===
When evaluating any expression that requires a boolean value, a boolean value must be produced. This occurs with the internal <nowiki>[[ToBoolean]]</nowiki>
[http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-9.2 § 9.2)].

For example:
<source lang="javascript">
var n = 0;
if(n) { // [[ToBoolean]](0) = false
}

var t = !""; // true. Empty string is falsy.
var f = !"f"; // false. Non-empty strings other than "0" are not falsy, here.
Boolean(""); // false.
</source>

All numbers boolean-convert to true except for <code>+/-0</code> and <code>NaN</code>.

Boolean operators use type-conversion for the evaluation of their left-hand operand.
<source lang="javascript">
1 && 0; // 0.
"" || 0; // 0.
null || undefined; // undefined.
undefined || 1; // 1.
NaN || 0; // 0;
</source>

All falsy values:
<source lang="javascript">
false
""
null
undefined
0
NaN
</source>

All other primitive values and all native ECMAScript objects are truthy.

The production LogicalANDExpression : LogicalANDExpression && BitwiseORExpression is evaluated as follows:

# Let lref be the result of evaluating LogicalANDExpression.
# Let lval be GetValue(lref).
# If ToBoolean(lval) is false, return lval.
# Let rref be the result of evaluating BitwiseORExpression.
# Return GetValue(rref).

=== Converting to String ===
With the <code>+</code> operator, when either operand is a string, concatenation is performed.

All native objects have a toString method. Number.prototype.toString(base) is special in that it takes a <code>base</code> parameter.

<source lang="javascript">
15..toString(16)
</source>

<source lang="javascript">
String(15); // Calls ToPrimitive(input argument, hint String).
</source>

=== Conversion to Primitive ===
Mathematical unary and binary operators, as well as boolean operators require the operands to be converted to primitives.

The Addition operator is used, the operands must be converted into primitive values. First, the interpreter calls the object's valueOf. If the result is a primitive value, then that value is used. '''Example:'''

<source lang="javascript">
var ob = {
valueOf : function() { return 1; }
};
ob + 1; // 2.
</source>

Otherwise, if <code>''o''.valueOf</code> results in an object —and <code>Object.prototype.valueOf</code> does — the object's <code>toString</code> is called.
<source lang="javascript">
var ob = { toString : function() { return "1"; } };
ob + 1; // "11".
</source>

'''Example:''' [http://jsbin.com/eTAQaNoX/2/edit toString, valueOf, and concatenation]

=== Converting to Number ===
Converting strings is a very common requirement and many approaches can be used. Any mathematical operator except the concatenation/addition operator will force type-conversion to number.

<source lang="javascript">
var d1 = new Date(NaN);
var d2 = new Date(NaN);

d1.setFullYear(2000);
d2.setFullYear(2000);

d1 >= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 <= d2; // true, conversion to number.
d1 == d2 // false, different objects.
</source>

== parseInt(s, radix) ==

To force use of a particular base, use the radix parameter:
<source lang="javascript">parseInt("09", base) // base from 2 to 36.</source>

If <code>radix</code> is omitted, the base is determined by the contents of the string. Any string beginning with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code> represents a hexadecimal number. A string beginning with a leading 0 may, in older implementations, be parsed as octal (as if raxix were 8), in ECMA-262 Ed 3 (octal digits are 0-7). If string <code>09</code> is converted to <code>0</code>.

<source lang="javascript">
var t = "0xf";
Number(t); // 15
+t; // 15
</source>

=== Primitive to Object with Property Accessors <code>.</code> and <code>[]</code> ===
Property access operation on string, number, and boolean primitives results in the creation of a '''temporary'' object, for the algorithm.
<source lang="javascript">
// Primitive to Object conversion.
true.toString(); // creates a temporary Boolean Object.
1.2.valueOf(); // creates a temporary Number object.
" foo ".trim(); // creates a temporary String Object.

// null.toString(); // TypeError
// undefined.toString(); // TypeError
</source>

See also: http://dhtmlkitchen.com/how-property-access-works/

=== Object Creation ===
<source lang="javascript">
// You'll never need these.
new Object(1); // Results a Number object.
new Object(true); // Results a Boolean object.
new Object(""); // Results a String object.
JSON.parse("{}"); // Results an Object object.
</source>

== Type Checking ==
Use sparingly. Avoid overloading with typechecking.
=== The typeof Operator ===
<source lang="javascript">
typeof someval;
</source>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Type <th>Result
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Undefined <td>"undefined"
<tr><td>Null <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Boolean <td>"boolean"
<tr><td>Number <td>"number"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>String <td>"string"
<tr><td>Object (native or host and doesn't implement <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"object"
<tr style="background: #eee"><td>Object (native or host and implements <nowiki>[[Call]]</nowiki>) <td>"function"
</table>